 |
 Effective Phrases for Performance Appraisals A Guide to Successful $0.99 Time Remaining: 2d 23h 55m |
 2600 Phrases for Setting Effective Performance Goals Ready to Use Phrases That $10.66 Time Remaining: 24d 4h 51m Buy It Now for only: $10.66 Buy It Now |
 ARP Rocker Arm Studs High Performance 3 8 24 Thread 175 Effective Stud Len $5.84 Time Remaining: 19d 12h 18m Buy It Now for only: $5.84 Buy It Now |
 Personal Styles Effective Performance David W Merrill Roger H Reid Good Bo $6.00 Time Remaining: 17d 37m Buy It Now for only: $6.00 Buy It Now |
 ARP Rocker Arm Studs High Performance 7 16 20 Thread 190 Effective Stud Len $51.63 Time Remaining: 17d 20h 9m Buy It Now for only: $51.63 Buy It Now |
 Effective Performance Management $4.49 Time Remaining: 11d 7h 44m Buy It Now for only: $4.49 Buy It Now |
 Effective Phrases for Performance Appraisals by James E Neal Jr 2009 $14.31 Time Remaining: 22d 16h 11m Buy It Now for only: $14.31 Buy It Now |
 ARP Rocker Arm Studs High Performance 7 16 20 Thread 190 Effective Stud Len $5.84 Time Remaining: 11d 22h 28m Buy It Now for only: $5.84 Buy It Now |
 Effective Phrases for Performance Appraisals A Guide to Successful Evaluations $13.65 Time Remaining: 18d 13m Buy It Now for only: $13.65 Buy It Now |
 NEW Effective Phrases for Performance Appraisals A Guide to Successful Evaluati $18.42 Time Remaining: 21d 22h 53m Buy It Now for only: $18.42 Buy It Now |
 2600 Phrases for Effective Performance Reviews Ready to Use Words and Phrases $8.94 Time Remaining: 27d 3h 11m Buy It Now for only: $8.94 Buy It Now |
 NEW 2600 Phrases For Effective Performance Reviews Fa $6.36 Time Remaining: 23d 22h 11m Buy It Now for only: $6.36 Buy It Now |
 Partnership HR New Norms for Effective Recruitment Performance and Training o $5.98 Time Remaining: 25d 11h 4m Buy It Now for only: $5.98 Buy It Now |
 Personal Styles Effective Performance Reid Roger H Merrill David W Good $7.87 Time Remaining: 26d 3h 52m Buy It Now for only: $7.87 Buy It Now |
 Effective Performance Appraisals by Robert B Maddux 1993 3rd Ed Softcover $5.00 Time Remaining: 11d 14h 35m Buy It Now for only: $5.00 Buy It Now |
 NEW 2600 Phrases For Effective Performance Reviews Falcone Paul $7.47 Time Remaining: 16d 21h 4m Buy It Now for only: $7.47 Buy It Now |
 Top Performance Pro Ear Professional Ear Wipes for Pets safe effective easy $9.95 Time Remaining: 25d 10h 11m Buy It Now for only: $9.95 Buy It Now |
 High Performance Business Strategy Inspiring Success Through Effective Human Re $14.36 Time Remaining: 28d 12h 6m Buy It Now for only: $14.36 Buy It Now |
 Effective Phrases for Performance Appraisals A Guide to Successful Evaluations $11.95 Time Remaining: 10d 23h 27m Buy It Now for only: $11.95 Buy It Now |
 Optimizing Factory Performance Cost Effective Ways to $33.50 Time Remaining: 8d 5h 36m Buy It Now for only: $33.50 Buy It Now |
 Managing Performance A Comprehensive Guide to Effective Supervision 1560520175 $4.48 Time Remaining: 25d 1h 6m Buy It Now for only: $4.48 Buy It Now |
 Personal Styles Effective Performance 1981 by Merrill David W Re 0801968992 $4.48 Time Remaining: 27d 15h 4m Buy It Now for only: $4.48 Buy It Now |
 PB Maddux Effective Performance Appraisals A Practical Guide for More P 970395 $4.00 Time Remaining: 4d 3h 33m Buy It Now for only: $4.00 Buy It Now |
 How to Be Good at Performance Appraisals Simple Effective Done Hardcover $6.43 Time Remaining: 1d 17h 55m Buy It Now for only: $6.43 Buy It Now |
 New 48 Pills Growmax Male Enhancement Sexual Performance effective as Man Up S15 $69.99 Time Remaining: 12d 7h 17m Buy It Now for only: $69.99 Buy It Now |
 Effective Motivation Through Performance Appraisal Dimensional Appra 0471029947 $4.48 Time Remaining: 27d 13h 49m Buy It Now for only: $4.48 Buy It Now |
 Effective Phrases for Performance Appraisals A Guide to Successful Evaluations $10.95 Time Remaining: 24d 3h 6m Buy It Now for only: $10.95 Buy It Now |
 Effective Phrases for Performance Appraisals A Guide to Successful Evaluations $8.19 Time Remaining: 17d 23h 37m Buy It Now for only: $8.19 Buy It Now |
 Partnership HR New Norms for Effective Recruitment Performance and Training o $8.01 Time Remaining: 9d 12h 22m Buy It Now for only: $8.01 Buy It Now |
 Effective Phrases for Performance Appraisals A Guide to Successful Evaluations $16.99 Time Remaining: 5d 23h 34m Buy It Now for only: $16.99 Buy It Now |
 Effective Operations and Performance Management by Various Authors 2011 $13.15 Time Remaining: 16d 21h 48m Buy It Now for only: $13.15 Buy It Now |
 2600 Phrases for Effective Performance Reviews Ready t $10.49 Time Remaining: 19d 2h 20m Buy It Now for only: $10.49 Buy It Now |
 Employee Engagement Through Effective Performance Management Paperback $29.39 Time Remaining: 5d 15h 12m Buy It Now for only: $29.39 Buy It Now |
 2600 Phrases for Effective Performance Reviews Paperback $10.34 Time Remaining: 22d 14h 34m Buy It Now for only: $10.34 Buy It Now |
 2600 Phrases Effective Performance Reviews Ready To Use Words and Paul Falcone $17.58 Time Remaining: 9d 21h 23m Buy It Now for only: $17.58 Buy It Now |
 2600 Phrases for Effective Performance Reviews Ready T $11.79 Time Remaining: 7d 8h 56m Buy It Now for only: $11.79 Buy It Now |
 Optimizing Factory Performance Cost Effective Ways to Achieve Significant and S $19.97 Time Remaining: 24d 9h 7m Buy It Now for only: $19.97 Buy It Now |
 NEW Effective Phrases for Performance Appraisals Neal James E Jr $12.30 Time Remaining: 25d 18h 2m Buy It Now for only: $12.30 Buy It Now |
 Personal Styles Effective Performance Reid Roger H Merrill David W Good $1.00 Time Remaining: 12d 2h 19m Buy It Now for only: $1.00 Buy It Now |
 2600 Phrases For Effective Performance Reviews By Falcone Paul $15.21 Time Remaining: 22d 17h 19m Buy It Now for only: $15.21 Buy It Now |
 2600 Phrases for Setting Effective Performance Goals Ready to Use Phrases $15.13 Time Remaining: 21d 4h 6m Buy It Now for only: $15.13 Buy It Now |
 NEW 2600 Phrases for Setting Effective Performance Goals Falcone Paul $8.01 Time Remaining: 16d 23h 28m Buy It Now for only: $8.01 Buy It Now |
 2600 Phrases for Setting Effective Performance Goals Ready to Use Phrases $6.90 Time Remaining: 28d 13h 56m Buy It Now for only: $6.90 Buy It Now |
 2600 PHRASES FOR EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE REVIEWS PAUL FALCONE PAPERBACK NEW $11.18 Time Remaining: 15d 4h 30m Buy It Now for only: $11.18 Buy It Now |
 2600 Phrases for Setting Effective Performance Goals Ready t Paperback $13.22 Time Remaining: 11d 14h 51m Buy It Now for only: $13.22 Buy It Now |
 How to Be Good at Performance Appraisals Simple Effective Done Hardcover $8.32 Time Remaining: 6d 19h 9m Buy It Now for only: $8.32 Buy It Now |
 Building More Effective Organizations HR Management and Performance in $44.95 Time Remaining: 20d 21h 32m Buy It Now for only: $44.95 Buy It Now |
 Effective Phrases for Performance Appraisals by James E Neal 2000 Book9th ed $15.00 Time Remaining: 29d 8h 47m Buy It Now for only: $15.00 Buy It Now |
 Employee Engagement Through Effective Performance Management Hardback $47.04 Time Remaining: 23d 19h 27m Buy It Now for only: $47.04 Buy It Now |
 High Performance Heart Effective Training with the HRM for Health F 0933201648 $4.48 Time Remaining: 15d 13h 9m Buy It Now for only: $4.48 Buy It Now |
 Tariffs Traffic and Performance Management of Cost effective Telecommunicati $59.99 Time Remaining: 26d 21h 43m Buy It Now for only: $59.99 Buy It Now |
 Personal Styles and Effective Performance Paperback $42.63 Time Remaining: 11d 15h 20m Buy It Now for only: $42.63 Buy It Now |
 2600 Phrases for Effective Performance Reviews Ready t $11.20 Time Remaining: 19d 2h 20m Buy It Now for only: $11.20 Buy It Now |
 Personal Styles amp Effective Performance $1.00 Time Remaining: 23d 9h 57m Buy It Now for only: $1.00 Buy It Now |
 How to Be Good at Performance Appraisals Simple Effective Done Right by $12.07 Time Remaining: 29d 13h 53m Buy It Now for only: $12.07 Buy It Now |
 Effective Operations and Performance Management Hardback $61.35 Time Remaining: 29d 14h 49m Buy It Now for only: $61.35 Buy It Now |
 Ten Traits of Highly Effective Principals From Good to Great Performance by $35.43 Time Remaining: 29d 17h 6m Buy It Now for only: $35.43 Buy It Now |
 2600 Phrases for Effective Performance Reviews Ready to Use Words and Phras $13.79 Time Remaining: 11d 2h 35m Buy It Now for only: $13.79 Buy It Now |
 NEW The Impact of Effective Academic Interventions on the Behavioral Performance $77.09 Time Remaining: 20d 12h 4m Buy It Now for only: $77.09 Buy It Now |
 20 Minutes to a Top Performer Three Fast and Effective $14.40 Time Remaining: 28d 20h 57m Buy It Now for only: $14.40 Buy It Now |
 Mallory 29210 HEI EST Performance Coil GM Late HEI Effective Up To 5500 RPM $62.90 Time Remaining: 27d 18h 52m Buy It Now for only: $62.90 Buy It Now |
 Effective Phrases for Performance Appraisals by James E Neal 1997 Book $14.95 Time Remaining: 28d 23h 48m Buy It Now for only: $14.95 Buy It Now |
 Effective Phrases for Performance Appraisals by James E Neal 2003 Paperback $30.00 Time Remaining: 2d 22h 55m Buy It Now for only: $30.00 Buy It Now |
 Robert B Maddux Effective Performance Appraisa 1994 Used Trade Pape $3.37 Time Remaining: 4d 15h 13m Buy It Now for only: $3.37 Buy It Now |
 NEW Effective Performance Analysis and Optimizations for Memory Intensive Progra $77.09 Time Remaining: 10d 21h 39m Buy It Now for only: $77.09 Buy It Now |
 NEW Management in the Public Service The Quest for Effective Performance Mill $37.50 Time Remaining: 4d 11h 28m Buy It Now for only: $37.50 Buy It Now |
 Optimizing Factory Performance Cost Effective Ways to Achieve Significant $27.69 Time Remaining: 27d 50m Buy It Now for only: $27.69 Buy It Now |
 Reflective Leaders and High Performance Organizations How Effective Leaders $18.78 Time Remaining: 27d 5h 36m Buy It Now for only: $18.78 Buy It Now |
 20 Minutes to a Top Performer Three Fast and Effective Conversations to Motivat $13.08 Time Remaining: 22d 6h 19m Buy It Now for only: $13.08 Buy It Now |
 NEW Ten Traits of Highly Effective Principals From Good to Great Performance by $44.39 Time Remaining: 12d 20h 21m Buy It Now for only: $44.39 Buy It Now |
 How to Be Good at Performance Appraisals Simple Effective Done Right Grote $13.73 Time Remaining: 18d 7h 1m Buy It Now for only: $13.73 Buy It Now |
 Effective Operations and Performance Management by Various Authors 2011 $60.85 Time Remaining: 22d 5h 5m Buy It Now for only: $60.85 Buy It Now |
 Optimizing Factory Performance Cost Effective Ways to Achieve Significant $39.95 Time Remaining: 20d 21h 31m Buy It Now for only: $39.95 Buy It Now |
 Effective Operations and Performance Management NEW $49.37 Time Remaining: 27d 19h 47m Buy It Now for only: $49.37 Buy It Now |
 NEW Effective Grouping for Energy and Performance Construction of Adaptive Sus $77.09 Time Remaining: 28d 15h 32m Buy It Now for only: $77.09 Buy It Now |
 NEW Performance Improvement Tools for Effective Problem $15.15 Time Remaining: 13d 8h 12m Buy It Now for only: $15.15 Buy It Now |
 The 13 Key Performance Indicators for Highly Effective TeamsHardback $28.32 Time Remaining: 17d 10h 29m Buy It Now for only: $28.32 Buy It Now |
 NEW Performance Based Management Systems Effective Implementation and Maintenan $118.22 Time Remaining: 17d 2m Buy It Now for only: $118.22 Buy It Now |
 Personal Styles Effective Performance Reid Roger H Merrill David W Good $4.98 Time Remaining: 6d 18h 24m Buy It Now for only: $4.98 Buy It Now |
 The Agile Managers Guide to Effective Performance Appraisals by Rebecca M $9.99 Time Remaining: 19d 4h 10m Buy It Now for only: $9.99 Buy It Now |
 NEW Effective Operations and Performance Management Bloomsbury Information Ltd $43.58 Time Remaining: 17d 8h 52m Buy It Now for only: $43.58 Buy It Now |
 Optimizing Factory Performance Cost Effective Ways to Achieve Significant an $27.84 Time Remaining: 6d 4h 55m Buy It Now for only: $27.84 Buy It Now |
 The Competent Manager A Model for Effective Performance by R E Boyatzis $49.95 Time Remaining: 10d 21h 31m Buy It Now for only: $49.95 Buy It Now |
 High Performance Heart Effective Training with the HRM for Health Fitness and $0.99 Time Remaining: 11d 23h 19m Buy It Now for only: $0.99 Buy It Now |
 How to Be Good at Performance Appraisals Simple Effective Done Right Grote $12.30 Time Remaining: 3d 17h 32m Buy It Now for only: $12.30 Buy It Now |
 Effective Phrases for Performance Appraisals by James E Neal $14.95 Time Remaining: 7d 23h 4m Buy It Now for only: $14.95 Buy It Now |
 Effective Phrases for Performance Appraisals by James E Neal Jr 2009 $22.99 Time Remaining: 27d 50m Buy It Now for only: $22.99 Buy It Now |
 NEW 2600 Phrases for Setting Effective Performance Goals Ready to Use Phrases T $12.48 Time Remaining: 26d 5h 33m Buy It Now for only: $12.48 Buy It Now |
 The Impact of Effective Performance Appraisal System $77.51 Time Remaining: 4d 23h 18m Buy It Now for only: $77.51 Buy It Now |
 Managing Performance A Comprehensive Guide to Effective Supervision by $19.95 Time Remaining: 24d 20h 21m Buy It Now for only: $19.95 Buy It Now |
 Understanding Adaptability A Prerequisite for Effective Performance Within $147.17 Time Remaining: 1d 23h 49m Buy It Now for only: $147.17 Buy It Now |
 Effective People Performance Strategies $127.75 Time Remaining: 22d 21h 40m Buy It Now for only: $127.75 Buy It Now |
 Personal Styles Effective Performance NEW $50.63 Time Remaining: 13d 15h 14m Buy It Now for only: $50.63 Buy It Now |
 Effective Operations and Performance Management $53.06 Time Remaining: 16d 23h 9m Buy It Now for only: $53.06 Buy It Now |
 Corporate Training for Effective Performance Evaluation in Education and Huma $154.09 Time Remaining: 4d 1h 49m Buy It Now for only: $154.09 Buy It Now |
 The Effective Corrections Manager Maximizing Staff Performance in Demanding $9.99 Time Remaining: 1d 7m Buy It Now for only: $9.99 Buy It Now |
 NEW Optimizing Factory Performance Cost Effective Ways to Achieve Significant a $40.83 Time Remaining: 12d 21h 49m Buy It Now for only: $40.83 Buy It Now |
 Knowledge as an Effective Tool to Improve Economic Performance $133.88 Time Remaining: 22d 21h 40m Buy It Now for only: $133.88 Buy It Now |
 2600 Phrases for Setting Effective Performance Goals By Falcone Paul $15.80 Time Remaining: 18d 23h 36m Buy It Now for only: $15.80 Buy It Now |
 NEW Effective Performance Management A No Nonsense Guide for Recruiting Growin $15.25 Time Remaining: 19d 19h 5m Buy It Now for only: $15.25 Buy It Now |
Gender disparity in administrative effectiveness of head of academic departments in Nigeria Universities
Gender disparity in administrative effectiveness of head of academic departments in Nigeria Universities Don omoike and Philipa O.A Idogho Department of Educational Foundations And Management, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria Auchi Polytechnic Auchi, School of information and communication Technology E-mail: philipaidogho@yahoo.com dononde@hotmail.com KEYWORDS: Administrative effectiveness; heads of departments; gender, universities ABSTRACT: The study was on the level of administrative effectiveness of Heads of Academic Departments in Nigeria universities and the significant difference (if any) in administrative effectiveness of male ad female Heads of Academic Departments. One research question and one hypothesis were raised/formulated to direct the investigation. Out of 1520 Heads of Academic Departments in all 36 public universities in Nigeria, 1326 academic staff in nine universities were selected from 362 Departments in nine universities for the study. The results of investigation revealed that the administrative effectiveness of Heads of Departments in Nigerian universities was high. Since there was no significant difference in the area of sex, it was recommended among others that gender should not be a hindrance in the appointment of Heads of Department of Heads of Departments.
INTRODUCTION
The state of administration in higher education has been a source of concern to the stakeholders. The universities had firm control of the activities of staff and students. This was to the extent of the existence of normal academic calendar of nine months. Stakeholders especially parents and employers of labor had assurance as to the precise year of graduation and caliber of graduates from universities in Nigeria. The mandate of the university as specified in section 8 of the National policy on Education (FRN, 2004 edition) is to teach, conduct research development and provide community service. These organizational goals of the university seen no longer realizable due to obstacle that include alleged poor performance of Heads of Departments who are no longer performing their functions effectively. Lucas (1994) describes administrative functions of the Head of Department to include: preparing teaching schedules, ensuring teaching effectiveness of staff, managing graduate assistants, and other department staff, performing personnel decision-making, revising the curriculum, and managing the budget. The success or failure of the department is therefore his responsibility. The mandate of the university can only be achieved through the effective performance, by the Heads of Departments of their functions. The National Universities Commission (UNC) in its 2002 report on the state of education in Nigeria alleged that universities in Nigeria perform below expectation (Okebukola, 2002). Some stakeholders especially parents and employers of labour also alleged poor performance of graduates from universities in Nigeria. Aghenta (2001) equally observed that not more than 30 percent of the normal period of teaching is used for actual teaching. Lecturers do not submit examination questions early neither do the mark the scripts and submit results on times. Could these be because the Heads of Departments are uncaring, self-serving and exhibits dictatorial management? There are situations where, for instance, students so not even register their courses before examinations. Since the department is the basic unit of the university system, could it be that the Heads of Departments are not performing their administrative or supervisory roles effectively? How effective are the Heads of Departments in the administration of academic departments? Could it also be that female Head of Departments are not effective in the performance of administrative duties? It was therefore imperative to ascertain the administrative effectiveness of Head of Departments who are given duties to perform and determine if female Heads of Departments are not effective in the performance of ,administrative duties?
METHOD OF STUDY
This is descriptive research based on the ex-post-factor design. The population of the study comprised all the academic staff in the 1520 Academic Departments in all the 36 public universities in a range of types of (federal, state, conventional, specialized, older, newer) universities. Through a multistage and stratified methods and finally through purposive sampling technique 1,326 academic staff were selected to rate the 362 Heads of Departments in nine universities taken from the 36 public universities in Nigeria. The main instruction that was used in data collection was the questionnaire title ‘Heads of Departments Administrative Effectiveness questionnaire (HODAEQ: The purpose of the rate the performance of the Heads of Departments in Nigerian universities in order to determine their administrative effectiveness. The questionnaire was made up of two major section. The first section sought background information (ownership, age and curriculum of university and sex of the Head of Department. The second section contained 30 administrative duties of the Head of Department on which academic staff were asked to rate the performance of their Heads of Departments on a five point likert type scale. The items were grouped into seven functional areas that included Heads of Departments administration of instructional programmes, administration of staff, administration of students, administration of facilities, administration of finance, administration of external relations and administration of office. Five of these groups had four items per group whose Reponses were to determine the administrative effectiveness of the Heads of Departments. The other two group had five items each. To ensure the achievement of the face and content validity the instrument Head s of Departments Administrative Effectiveness Questionnaire (HODAEQ) was designed to reflect
DON OMOIKE AND PHILIP O.A IDOGHO
The problem and the hypothesis of the study. Two research consultants in educational administration certified the instrument before it was administered. The test-retest method was used to test the reliability of he instrument. The data obtained was statistically analyzed to obtain the reliability coefficient. The result of the correlation of the scores through Pearson ‘r' was 0.83. The questionnaire was administered on a total of 1,448 academic staff in the 362 departments out of which 1,326 was retrieved for analysis. The data collected to answer the research question raised for the study were analyzed with the use of means and percentages. The hypothesis that was formulated was tested using the z-test statistics. Sixty percent (or transformed mean of 3.00) was adopted as the base line for administrative. Effectiveness. Research Question: What is the level of administrative effectiveness of Heads of Departments? Percentage. The results are presented in table 1. As revealed in table 1, there were a total of 1,326 respondents who rated the 362 Heads of Department in he nine selected universities. With a mean of 15.2, a transformed mean of 3.55 and 71 percent rating on administrative effectiveness rating. HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference in administrative effectiveness between male and female Head of Departments of universities in Nigeria.
Table 1:
Administrative effectiveness rating of heads of departments
1,326 141,335 15.2 3.55 71 Effective
Table 2:
z-test in administrative effectiveness between male and female heads of department in Nigerian
Gender N X sd df z-value Remarks
Administrative Male 1,150 71.8 6.9 1.324 ±1.96 Not significant
Effectiveness Female 176 70.2 7.6 P>0.05
The hypothesis was tested by applying the z-test . The result of analysis is presented in table 2. The z-test of significance of difference as shown in the table 2 had a calculated z-test value of 1.54. This indicates that no significant difference exists in administrative effectiveness of male and female Heads of Departments in Nigerian Universities. Thus, the hypothesis that states that there is no significant difference in administrative effectiveness between male and female heads of departments retained.
DISCUSSION
One of the findings of this study was that heads of department were generally very effective ( 71%) in their administration of academic departments. The finding confirms that of Hamlin ( 2002) that found a degree of congruence in all the criteria of managerial effectiveness of leaders in higher education. he has found academic leaders as effective. Another important finding was that females were under represented in department headship in Nigerian universities. The finding of futrell (2002) is confirmed that women represent a small proportion of educational leaders and administrators. One would tend to agree with Forsyth (1999), that men are likely to emerge as leaders because women are ‘reluctant' to assume leadership roles. This result is a confirmation of Forsyth's earlier confirmation that there is a significant difference in leadership emergence by gender, which he translated to mean that leadership performance is titled towards the male than female leaders. With a mean score of 70,2, female Heads of Departments were found to be effective in their administration of academic departments. This is further strengthened by the result of z-test that showed no significant difference in heads of departments administrative effectiveness between male and females. The earlier impressions has been on exclusive gender differences that negatively affect the appointment and performance or effectiveness of female Heads of Departments (Korabik, 2002) .out of the 362 Heads of Departments sampled, only thirteen percent were females. It may be a result of their relative non-availability as may be found in the male-female ratio of academic staff in universities. From the results, therefore , the sex of a leader cannot be equated with ability, performance and effectiveness. The findings do not agree with Hawkin's (1995) observation that there are mutually exclusive gender differences that affect the emergence and performance of a leader. The finding of no significant difference in administrative effectiveness between male and female Heads of Departments confirm Osho's (1998) earlier finding of no significant different in administrative effectiveness between male and female principals. There is thus no differential performance in leadership by men and woman as observed by Korabik (2002). She had concluded that women are given person oriented leadership skills while men should be given task-oriented skills to ensure their effective leadership performance.
CONCLUSION
The study has provide evidence of high level of administrative effectiveness of Heads of Departments in Universities in Nigeria. It would appear that the problem that emanate and usually lead to crisis within the universities in Nigeria may not be traced to the administration of departments by Heads of Departments. The appointment of Heads of Department seems to be appropriate as almost all Head of Departments were effective in the performance of administrative duties in the departments. The finding of no significant difference in administrative effectiveness of Heads of Departments between males and females has implication for gender issues in university administration. There is the current global focus on female education that requires increase not only in women education but also in female involvement in educational administration in general and university governance in particular. This seems to be the focus of ‘women in academics movement RECOMMENDATION Head o Departments should continuously perform their administrative functions as best they can. They only need to be encouraged to do better so as to increase the percentage rating on the effectiveness scale. Gender of an academic staff should not be a factor in considering whom to appoint as Heads of criteria for appointments such as experience, they should be appointed as Heads of Department; their administrative effectiveness is not in doubt. Conscious and direct plans need to be put in place to redirect focus on bringing women into academi
REFERENCES
Aghenta, J.A. 2001. "Educational planning: A turning point in education and development in Nigeria Inaugural lecture Series University of Benin City. 19. Federal Republic of Nigerian (FRN). 2004. National Policy on education. Abuja: NERDC
Futrell, M. H. 2002. pathway to Educational leadership: Advancing Women as principals and Superintendents. Retrieved July 18 2004 from http://www.aauw.org/7000ef/pathwaysbd.html
Forsyth, D.R. 1999 Group Dynamics. 3rd edition Belmonth, C. A: Wadsworth publishing company.
Hamlin, R.G. 2002 "A study and comparative analysis of managerial and leadership effectiveness in the National Health Service: an empirical factor analytic study within an NHS Trust Service, "Health services management research, 15(4): 1-20. Hawkins K.W 1995. Effects of gender and communication content leadership emergence in small task oriented groups. Small Group Research 26(2) 234-250.
Korabik, K. 2002 Gender leadership and managerial effectiveness. Retrieved August 17, 2006 from: http/www.uoguelph.ca/~kkorabik/433_html Lucas, A. F. 1994. strengthening Departmental Leadership: A Team Guide for Chairs in Colleges and Universities. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
Okebukola, P. 2002. The State of University Education in Nigeria. Abuja: National Universities Commission (NUC). Osho, O. 1998. Analysis of the Administrative Effectiveness of Principals as perceived by Teachers of Secondary Schools in Edo State. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Delta State University, Abraka.
About the Author
 2600 Phrases for Effective Performance Reviews: Ready-to-Use Words and Phrases That Really Get Results List Price: Sale Price: $5.50 You save: $5.45 (50%)  Eligible for free shipping!Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days See Reviews For This Product Description'No managerial or administrative task is as universally dreaded as the performance review. Supervisors may know the points they need to get across, but putting them on paper is another matter. This book puts the right words at their fingertips, with ready-to-use phrases and words, action items, and descriptions that managers, supervisors, and HR professionals can use to evaluate performance, prepare development plans, and address performance problems...  |
 SanDisk Cruzer Fit CZ33 32GB USB Flash Drive (SDCZ33-032G-B35) List Price: Sale Price: $16.77 You save: $28.22 (63%) Eligible for free shipping!Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days See Reviews For This Product DescriptionWith its low-profile design, the Cruzer Fit USB flash drive easily fits USB ports and blends in with your tablets, notebooks, TVs or car audio players. Whether it's your favorite pictures, music collection, video collection or your work documents, the Cruzer Fit USB flash drive gives you the ever-present storage you need in a compact and portable device... |
 Effective Phrases for Performance Appraisals: A Guide to Successful Evaluations - 12th Edition Sale Price: $13.50 Eligible for free shipping!Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days See Reviews For This Product DescriptionWith the assistance of this guide, every manager can effectively appraise employee performance. Here are over two thousand professionally written phrases which will clearly describe job performance. This valuable guide will make the completion of performance appraisals fast, easy and accurate. |
 2600 Phrases for Setting Effective Performance Goals: Ready-to-Use Phrases That Really Get Results See Reviews For This Product DescriptionAs a manager, you aren’t truly successful unless your employees are as well. Helping them establish compelling, actionable performance goals is the first and most important step, and 2600 Phrases for Setting Effective Performance Goals is there to lend a hand... |
 2600 Phrases for Setting Effective Performance Goals: Ready-to-Use Phrases That Really Get Results List Price: Sale Price: $6.76 You save: $5.19 (43%) Eligible for free shipping!Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days See Reviews For This Product DescriptionAs a manager, you aren't truly successful unless your employees are as well. Helping them establish compelling, actionable performance goals is the first and most important step, and "2600 Phrases for Setting Effective Performance Goals" is there to lend a hand... |
 GoPro Tripod Mount for HERO Cameras List Price: Sale Price: $5.99 You save: $2.00 (25%) Eligible for free shipping!Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days See Reviews For This Product DescriptionGoPro Tripod Mount for HERO Cameras |
 DS Laboratories Revita Hair Growth Stimulating Shampoo, 180 ml Bottle List Price: Sale Price: $11.21 You save: $16.04 (59%) Eligible for free shipping!Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days See Reviews For This Product DescriptionRevita is the most efficient hair growth stimulating shampoo available in the market and is the final result of DS Laboratories efforts on cutting edge research. Revita is a powerful combination of precious materials specially designed to maintain scalp vitality and act on follicle dysfunctions in order to achieve best results in short periods of time... |
 Ten Traits of Highly Effective Principals: From Good to Great Performance List Price: Sale Price: $34.13 You save: $7.82 (19%) Eligible for free shipping!Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days See Reviews For This Product DescriptionIncrease your own effectiveness with the help of the built-in facilitator's guide, ideas, reflections, behaviors, habits, and inspiring stories. |
 Conducting Effective Performance Enhancement Sessions - Hypnotherapy Sale Price: $49.95 Eligible for free shipping!Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours See Reviews For This Product DescriptionPerformance enhancement is a growing area of hypnotherapy. This video DVD will help you help your clients overcome self-imposed barriers to success and to maximize their potential. Business, sports, and other personal goals are areas covered in this DVD... |
 How to Deliver Effective Performance Feedback List Price: Sale Price: $36.45 You save: $13.50 (27%) Eligible for free shipping!Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours See Reviews For This Product DescriptionThe ability to successfully and consistently deliver performance feedback to employees is a vital skill for leaders to have. This CD will provides the tools and resources to learn to effectively deliver feedback to employees on their performance... |
